University of Toronto (UofT) PSY 100 Introductory Psychology Midterm 1 Practice Test

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• Which lobe processes visual information?
• According to trichromatic theory, color perception is determined by
• Which stimuli do mechanoreceptors respond to?
• What characterizes quasi-experiments?
• Which lobe is primarily responsible for vision and houses the primary visual cortex?
• Which statement best describes brain plasticity?
• Which statement describes negative reinforcement?
• What characterizes a double-blind study?
• Epigenetics involves changes in gene expression due to non-genetic factors such as the environment. Which option correctly captures this idea?
• Which Gestalt principle explains perceiving intersecting lines as a continuous path rather than changing direction abruptly?
• Which statement correctly describes the independent and dependent variables in an experiment?
• Construct validity assesses whether the chosen variables truly represent the abstract constructs of interest. Which best describes this type of validity?
• In the described HPA axis, which sequence is correct?
• Which of the following is a component of the basal ganglia?
• Which sleep stage is characterized by slow-wave delta waves?
• What is the estimated heritability of intelligence?
• Twin-adoption studies help researchers understand the roles of genetics and environment by comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins raised apart and together. Which best describes their purpose?
• Which Gestalt principle explains grouping figures that resemble each other?
• During repolarization, which events occur?
• High levels of dopamine or acetylcholine abnormalities correspond to what condition?
• Which statement about cones is true?
• Which statement describes sensation?
• Which is the correct order of the four main steps of the scientific method?
• Which structure is NOT a lobe of the cerebral cortex?
• Which trio comprises the core components of the HPA axis?
• Which is an example of observational learning?
• What do correlational studies tell us, and what caution applies?
• What is a common bias associated with self-report measures?
• Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?
• Umami is best described as which taste?
• Which statement describes negative reinforcement?
• Which lobe is associated with touch and the primary somatosensory cortex?
• What is the term for preserving information over time in memory?
• What is an operational definition?
• Name an ethical principle in human research.
• Which sequence correctly describes the initial retinal transmission of visual information?
• Which statement best describes illusory contours?
• Where are taste receptors located?
• What is a characteristic of antagonists according to the material?
• Empirical evidence refers to data collected by scientific observation.
• Which lobe is involved in planning and movement and contains the primary motor cortex along with the prefrontal cortex?
• In neuron classification, what does SAME stand for?
• What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
• Explain the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Define sensation and perception and how they differ.
• From a theory, what is a testable prediction called?
• Which Gestalt principle describes the tendency to complete incomplete figures?
• Which structure is listed as a component of the basal ganglia along with the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus?
• What is true about olfaction testing?
• In research terminology, what is meant by 'sample'?
• Which statement about short-term/working memory is true?
• What is saltatory conduction?
• The cingulate gyrus is involved in regulating emotions and pain and in predicting and avoiding negative consequences.
• Which structure controls alertness and sleep?
• What is transduction in the sensory system?
• What is a confound?
• Which statement differentiates long-term memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory?
• In a study examining the effect of caffeine on test performance, which of the following could be a potential confound variable?
• Which depth cue requires both eyes?
• If the corpus callosum is severed, what is the typical consequence?
• Which of the following statements correctly defines proactive interference?
• What does gate control theory propose about pain?
• What is a construct?
• Retroactive interference statement.
• Which statement correctly describes the organization of the nervous system?
• Bottom-up processing is best described as information flowing from lower-level to higher-level processing areas.
• Which statement accurately describes the somatic nervous system?
• Which pair of divisions makes up the autonomic nervous system?
• What is the role of the olfactory epithelium?
• In the maltreatment study, the genotype predictor variable refers to the MAO-A gene expression type. Which option identifies this predictor?
• Explain the difference between a correlation and a causal claim.
• Which is an example of response performance?
• Alcohol's impact on memory is due to disruption of which brain region's encoding?
• Caffeine increases alertness by antagonizing which receptors?
• Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and a key function for each.
• Observational learning (modeling) can occur when a person:
• Which of the following is a monocular depth cue listed in the material?
• Which statement correctly describes the efferent and afferent pathways of the somatic nervous system?
• Which of the following describes the Fusiform Face Area (FFA)?
• Which statement describes a limitation of correlational data regarding causality?
• What is transduction?
• Which cells receive signals directly from photoreceptors before reaching ganglion cells?
• What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
• Which brain region is central to attention, working memory, decision making, social behavior, and personality?
• Distinguish retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
• What does the heritability coefficient measure?
• Which sleep stage is associated with dreaming and rapid eye movements?
• How does signal detection theory separate sensitivity from response bias?
• At rest, which of the following best describes the ion distribution?
• Where is the occipital lobe located?
• Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue listed?
• What did the Jim Twins study illustrate?
• Which statement best describes Broca's area?
• Internal validity is best described as the extent to which a study can support causal conclusions by controlling confounds in the design.
• Which observation type involves the researcher actively participating in the situation?
• What must scientific theories be?
• Which fibers carry sharp vs dull pain?
• Which event marks repolarization?
• What is the function of Acetylcholine?
• What is accommodation in vision?
• REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
• Which of the following statements about rods is true?
• In the maltreatment study, which variable serves as the nurture (environmental) predictor?
• Which statement correctly describes random sampling?
• What is a neuron?
• The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is located at the intersection of which cortices, and is usually larger on which side?
• What are EEG and fMRI used to measure?
• Which lobe is associated with hearing and the primary auditory cortex?
• Describe the basic structure of a neuron.
• Define reliability and validity in psychological measurement.
• Which brain region is described as the brain's master regulatory structure, connecting the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulating hunger, thirst, body temperature, fatigue, anger, love, and metabolism?
• Where is the temporal lobe located?
• In the maltreatment study, what is the outcome variable?
• Proximity is a Gestalt principle that explains
• Which brain region is involved in flavour perception by integrating smell, taste, and vision?
• Which statement correctly describes the endocrine system?
• After processing in the primary visual cortex, information is routed into which two processing streams?
• How does alcohol affect the brain and memory?
• Which brain wave is typically present just before sleep onset?
• Which statement about excitatory and inhibitory signals is correct?
• Approximately how many rods are there in each retina?
• Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with reward and movement?
• Which best describes selective attention?
• Which retinal region is richest in cones, supporting high-acuity vision?
• What is random assignment and why is it important?
• Cone types and their wavelength sensitivities.
• What is the social comparison theory proposed by Festinger?
• Images from the left visual field are processed by which hemisphere of the brain?
• What is the term for the minimum change in a stimulus that can be detected?
• What is an operational definition and why is it important?
• Stage 1 sleep involves which brain wave?
• What is a reinforcement schedule and how do fixed vs variable schedules differ?
• Which region is primarily involved in language comprehension?
• What term describes perceiving contours that do not actually exist in the image?
• The ventral (what) stream is specialized for
• Opponent-process theory posits color vision involves three opposing pairs.
• In research terminology, what is meant by 'population'?
• The forgetting curve is associated with which psychologist?
• Which statement about measurement error is correct?
• Which sense bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the brain for processing?
• What do agonists do and examples?
• Which statement correctly describes absolute threshold?
• According to Pettigrew's intergroup contact theory, under certain circumstances positive intergroup contact can reduce prejudice toward the outgroup.
• Which part of a neuron typically receives signals from other neurons?
• The Stroop effect refers to interference in a color-naming task where the ink color does not match the word. Which statement best describes this effect?
• Which feature correctly matches a sleep stage?
• Which statement best describes response performance measures?
• What is the refractory period?
• Reliability refers to which of the following?
• What connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows information to flow between them?
• In animal studies, environmental enrichment typically leads to what change in neurons?
• Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is true?
• The dorsal (where) stream is specialized for which function?
• In motion parallax, which objects appear to move faster as you move?
• Binocular disparity is a depth cue based on which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of an operational definition?
• Which statement best defines random assignment in experimental research?
• Which statement correctly identifies the function of a specific neurotransmitter?
• Name two major neurotransmitters and their general functions.
• Which brain region is essential for associating stimuli with emotional responses?
• In signal detection theory, a criterion that makes the observer more likely to report 'signal present' is called a
• What is the interpreter in brain lateralization?
• Synaptic transmission and the role of neurotransmitters: which statement is most accurate?
• Which type of research investigates the association between two variables without proving causation?
• Which lobe processes somatosensory information (touch, temperature, body position)?
• Which statement describes Weber's law?
• Which statement best describes encoding, storage, and retrieval in memory?
• What is a typical effect of the parasympathetic division?
• What is Wernicke's area and where is it located?
• Which term describes the tendency for more sensitive body parts to have disproportionately larger representations in the cortex?
• Which neurotransmitter is associated with arousal and alertness?
• What occurs during depolarization of a neuron?
• What is the myelin sheath and its function?
• What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system?
• Which structure is most closely associated with storing new memories?
• Where is Broca's area located and what is its primary function?
• What is perceptual constancy? Give an example.
• What is the function of photoreceptors in the retina?
• Which are the main data collection methods mentioned?
• Which describes naturalistic observation?
• In an experiment, which statement best describes the primary purpose of random assignment?
• Which of the following is NOT among the five basic tastes?
• Where is the parietal lobe located?
• Familiar size is a monocular depth cue that uses knowledge of an object's typical size to judge distance.
• Which statement correctly differentiates a hypothesis from a theory?
• Define classical conditioning and identify UCS, UCR, CS, CR.
• Where is the frontal lobe located?
• Which view holds that knowledge comes from observed or sensory experience?
• Contralateral organization means what?
• Which neurons carry sensory information from receptors toward the central nervous system?
• What is hypnosis?
• How do neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons?
• What are the different types of research?
• Which statement best describes attention and selective attention?
• Operant conditioning is associated with which psychologist?
• Texture gradient as a depth cue refers to which of the following?
• Which hemisphere is specialized in spatial relations?
• Descriptive research is primarily characterized by which statement?
• Which part of a neuron primarily receives input from other neurons?
• Which statement best describes an action potential?
• What role does the hypothalamus play in coordinating the body's endocrine response?
• Why is a double-blind design used in experiments?
• The brainstem is composed of which structures?
• Which divisions comprise the autonomic nervous system?
• What is the primary role of interneurons?
• Which statement describes perception?
• Which statement best describes the autonomic nervous system?
• What effect does random assignment have on the comparison of groups?
• Top-down processing involves information from higher-level processing influencing lower-level processing.
• What is the difference between concentrative and mindfulness meditation?
• Explain acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and generalization in classical conditioning.
• What does the all-or-none principle state?
• Which sense largely bypasses the thalamus in initial processing?
• What is an action potential?
• What best distinguishes quasi-experiments from true experiments?
• Which type of research can establish causal relationships between variables?
• External validity is the extent to which findings generalize to real-world settings.
• In visual perception, the figure-ground relationship refers to
• Heredity is defined as which of the following?
• The cerebellum is essential for what function?
• Which brain structure is primarily associated with movement?
• Which statement is true about the sympathetic division?
• What is the role of scientific theories in psychology?
• Which three qualities are typically cited as properties of good data?
• Which hemisphere is primarily involved in speech production?